The Good A provocative
examination of the fertility industry in America.
The Bad Its business
analysis of an unbusinesslike subject can be unnerving.
The Bottom Line A valuable,
thought-provoking look at the baby-making business.
The Centers for
Disease Control & Prevention reports that 12% of U.S. women between
the ages of 15 and 44 -- some 7.3 million in total -- experienced
infertility in 2002. In addition, an estimated 30% of adult men are
infertile. That means one in every eight couples is unable to conceive
children by natural means. Behind that number is a lot of heartbreak,
yearning, and a huge market: Fertility clinics in the U.S. collected $2.7
billion in 2002.
It's a market unlike any other, however, because
no one wants to acknowledge its existence. Baby selling may be outlawed in
every nation, yet every day, in every country, money and the means for
having children change hands with little government oversight. "When
parents buy eggs or sperm; when they contract with surrogate [mothers];
when they choose a child to adopt or an embryo to implant, they are doing
business," writes Debora L. Spar, a professor at Harvard Business School.
"Over the past 30 years, advances in reproductive medicine have indeed
created a market for babies."
Spar dissects this thriving industry
in her provocative The Baby Business: How Money, Science, and Politics
Drive the Commerce of Conception. The book, though well worth reading,
is somewhat unnerving in that it brings matter-of-fact business analysis
to the creation of children, surely one of the most unbusinesslike of
subjects. Still, it is a valuable if occasionally dry look at a sector of
the economy whose customers are usually far too emotional to clearly
assess just what it is they are paying for.
Spar starts with a
history of the baby-making business, going back as far as the Old
Testament story of Jacob's wife. After failing to conceive she sent Jacob
to sleep with her maid and adopted the resulting child. There were few
other means for coping with infertility until the 1920s, when the hormone
estrogen was discovered and mass-produced. By the late 1930s, most major
U.S. cities had at least one fertility practice administering estrogen.
After a woman using hormones gave birth to quintuplets in 1970, demand
soared.
The industry really took off in 1978 with the birth of
Louise Brown, the first test-tube baby. She was created by in vitro
fertilization (IVF), in which an egg is extracted and combined with sperm
in a test tube. The fertilized egg is then implanted in the mother's womb.
An international outcry ensued, typified by the reaction at the time of
biologist Leon Kass (who went on to chair President George W. Bush's
Council on Bioethics): "This blind assertion of will against our bodily
nature...can only lead to self-degradation and dehumanization." In the
wake of Louise's birth the federal government set up a commission to
figure out what to do about IVF, but it never issued any recommendations.
Instead, by 1983 some 150 babies had been conceived in vitro, and the
furor had disappeared.
Today, desperate couples go through round
after round of IVF, at an average cost of $12,400 per try, even though the
average success rate is only 25% and drops as low as 9% if the woman is
over 40. High cost and poor results would be a death knell for most
businesses, but in the emotional world of infertility, couples often keep
paying until they run out of money; very few run out of will. Those who do
give up can turn to adoption along with about 120,000 other U.S. families
each year, shelling out up to $35,000 per child.
The most
disquieting parts of the book are those chapters that detail some very
advanced reproductive technologies. Doctors can now remove one or two
cells from a two-day-old embryo in a test tube, tell the parents its
gender, and test for certain genetic defects. The parents then choose
which embryos they want implanted. Scientists are also only steps away
from cloning a human.
Of course, the fact that couples can use such
high-tech methods doesn't mean that many will. As one fertility expert
says: "Most people would rather have sex." Then again, the desire to have
one's own biological offspring can be insatiable. Spar quotes an infertile
woman who says cloning may not be right for everyone, but "if the only way
for a person to have a child of their own is to do this, and if they are
willing to take a chance, then they should be able to."
Spar raises
some troubling ethical issues surrounding the baby-making machinery.
Science is handing us the ability to choose the method of conception and
its likely results, yet there is little public debate and even less
regulation surrounding these choices. "We can moralize about these
developments if we desire," she concludes, "or we can plunge into the
market that desire has created, imagining how we can shape our children
without destroying ourselves."
READER REVIEWS
By Catherine Arnst
BW
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